Huns

For 3 100 years, the people of Xiongnu (匈奴) ruled not only on Mongolian steppes, but periodically managed to impose their power on peoples surviving in a large part of Asia. In the second half of the 1980 ’ s, however, Xiongnu suffered a series of disasters that they did not recover from. In 87 fights against the protomongolsi people of Xianbei (鲜卑) was killed by Yōuliú Chányú (優留單于), from which the winners ripped off the skin.

The past of the Protoruret peoples of Xiongnu and Dingling is described here:

Ancient past of Turks / Part Onehttps://t.co/5oMbpTezO6

— Magna Polonia (@magnapolonia) February 10, 2023

According to most researchers, any of Xiongnu's defeated then went west, and it was from them that the Huns, who played specified an crucial function in Europe's past at the turn of the ancient and medieval times. The presence of Huns (Χοῦνοι) in Europe was first recorded by Ptolemy (d. c. 168), who lists them among the peoples of European Sarmation. The analysis of his text allows us to presume that the Huns then lived between Don and Maniche in the north, the advanced run of Cuba in the south and the Azov Sea in the west. In the east, their territory could extend to the Caspian Sea and the Volga estuary region. Jordanes, besides describing events taking place in the second 4th century and citing Proskos, wrote that the Huns lived east of the Azov Sea ("on the another side of the Meock's Blot"). Let us talk to Jordanes here:

"As historian Priskos says, the cruel Hun nation, sitting on the another side of the Meock's Blot, knew no another activity than hunting – if it omitted the fact that erstwhile it grew to the size of the tribe, it muddyed the peace of neighboring strains by swindling and looting. erstwhile upon a time, Hun hunters, as usual hunting after the animals on their shores of the Meock mud, abruptly announcement the hind, which enters the swamp, and already moving forward, as it stands, seemingly indicating the way. Following her, the hunters crossed the Meocké mud on foot, which they had considered to be an impossible sea. Since their eyes were exposed to unknown Scythian land, the hind immediately disappeared. [...] The hunters, who have not heard of the existence of another planet behind the Meock muds at all, are delighted at the sight of the Scythian land, and that by nature they are smart, say that the way not known to anyone so far was discovered to them by supernatural forces. With this attitude they return home, they talk about the event, praise Scythia, and successfully urge their fellows to go to the another side of the mud by the way indicated by the hind.”

This is how the large Hun conquests were to begin. Jordanes continues:

“All the Scythians upon whom they met at the threshold of the fresh earth, they sacrificed victory. The remainder were tamed and turned into subjects. For they have barely crossed the vast muds of Meocke, like a hurricane of peoples they have kidnapped at the ends of the Scythia Alpidzuri, Alkildzuri, Itimars, Tunkars and Boisków. Alans, too, in the conflict of equal opponents, but rather different in terms of culture, lifestyle, and superficiality, weakened in frequent fighting at the end. For even among the peoples whom they most likely did not defeat in the war, they caused panic and panic by sight. They are most threatening with their faces: frightening dreams, they have not a face, but, if you apologize, shapeless pies, with holes alternatively of eyes. A dangerous look betrays a arrogant spirit. Even with their own children from the first day of their life. Boys cut their cheeks with iron to learn to endure the pain of the wounds before they taste the mother's milk. Therefore, they age with bare beards and mature without grace, due to the fact that the face, torn with iron, due to scars, does not coincide with the ornament of youth – facial hair. They are tiny heights, but in the movements of the spring and agile, in the riding unparalleled. The fences in bars, they're good with bows and arrows. The necks are firm and always hard. As humans, they live in the wildness of animals.”

The Roman chief, and at the same time the chronicler, author of a large historical work, thought of as a continuation of the tacts Acts, covering the period 96-378, Ammianus Marcellinus, gave the following description of the Hun customs:

“The small boys are cut in the Huns with iron cheeks, and deep, so that the scars will halt the hair from pricking. So they age without a beard, akin to eunuchs. The constructions are curled and strong, the necks have thick; the terribly ugly and sledged match beasts of two-legged or those thick punched pillars with human faces at the rails of bridges. They don't request fire or spices to eat. They feed on the roots of chaotic plants increasing and semi-raw meat of any animal; they plant pieces between their thighs and the back of the horse, and they heat them up. They never go to indoor homes, avoiding their graves. Thus, there will not even be a shelter topped with cane plating. They travel here and there in the mountains and in the woods, accustomed from the cradle to endure hunger and thirst. But they will not enter the home in the outer world, unless they are forced to do so by the eventual necessity; for they believe that the roof is not safe. Their garments are linen rags or sewn from the skins of forest mice; and they have no another dress for home use, and no another dress for home use. erstwhile they put a grey shirt on their neck, they will not take it off or change it before it breaks into pieces. Heads cover with circular caps, heavy hairy legs with goat skins, and their shoes, not worked on any copy, do not let them to tread freely.

Therefore, they are not suitable for walking; they are indeed attached to their horses, though they are strong but ugly. Sometimes they sit on them in a woman’s way, and so they do all the regular things. They spend days and nights on horseback; they buy and sell, eat and drink, and they fall asleep at the neck of the animal. erstwhile there is simply a gathering dedicated to the most crucial matters, everyone participates in it this way: they sit on their horses. They are not subject to any harsh royal rule, they are satisfied with the temporary leadership of the mighty. Moving forward they easy break through any obstacle. In battles they hit with wedges, while howling wildly with different voices. Unbelievably fast and agile, they can deliberately disperse to attack suddenly; and since they do not decision in compact formations, they can run to all sides and slaughter in broad areas. But you never see them storming fortitudes or robbing an enemy camp; they are so anxious to run.

Warriors are dangerous. First, from far away, they pounce spears with boned blades, well-attached with astonishing art. Then they immediately walk through the gallop of space, which separates them from their opponent and fight with iron, with the complete contempt of their own lives. And erstwhile the enemy focuses all his attention only on the blade of the weapon, they unexpectedly cast twisted cords upon it; so restrained can no longer decision at all. Among the Huns, no 1 plows, no 1 even touches the plow. Without permanent headquarters, the likes are constantly moving away. They usage cars as housing. There their wives neck this clothing, which disgusts them, love them and rise their children until they grow up. So no of them can tell where they came from: for elsewhere they were conceived, born elsewhere, and raised elsewhere. During the truce they must not be trusted, so they are changeable, so susceptible to any breath of hope, ready for much to satisfy the abrupt rage. They don't know what's right or wrong. Their speech is twisted and dark, and any religion or even superstition makes them feel comfortable. But they have an immeasurable desire for gold.”

In 375 C.E. The Huns conquered the Ostrogots, becoming the first power of this part of the world. Let us talk again to Jordanes, who thus described the defeat of the Ostrogots in the war against the Huns:

“Seeing a household of warriors over warriors, she oppressed many tribes, They are ready to fear and reflect with their king on how to remove themselves from the enemy.

Ermenric, therefore, the king of the Goths, due to the coming of the Huns, is so profoundly confounded that although, as I have presented above, he has so far triumphed over many tribes, now the faithful people of the Rosomons are approached, who, like another peoples, humbly served him. For erstwhile a Roman female named Sunilda left her husband treacherously, and the king (Ermenric) in a rage of furious anger had her tied to chaotic horses and torn to shreds by the tight to the gallop, the brothers of the lost Sarus and Aromius, avenging the death of the sister, pushed him with a sword to the side. Weakened with the wound, Ermenric was vegetated as a sick man.

Word of mediocre wellness is leaking outside. The King of the Huns, Balamber, does not miss the occasion. He's moving with the army to the part of the Gothic lands owned by the Ostrogots; The Visigoths, by carrying out any of their intentions, have already separated themselves from the community with the Ostrogots. Among these events, Ermenryk, incapable to endure the suffering caused by the wound and anxiety of the Hun invasion, aged and full of days in the 100 and tenth year of his life, died out of spirit. His death gave the Huns an chance to gain an advantage over the group of Goths, who, as I said, sat from the east side and were called the Ostrogots.

The second group, with its office on the western side, or Visigoths, terrified of their relatives, advised them for a long time not to know what to do in the face of the Husk storm. Finally, with joint consent, they address Members of Romania. They ask that Emperor Walens, the brother of the elder emperor, Valentineian, give them part of Thrace or Mesia to grow. They promise that in return they will live by his laws and follow his orders. To rise greater confidence, they promise to convert to Christianity if the emperor sends them teachers who talk Gothic. Walens happily allowed what he himself was willing to pursue. By letting the Gets into Mesia, he is erecting a wall to shield his country from the temptations of the remaining tribes.”

Thus, the Ostrogots surrendered to the power of the invaders, while the Visigoths, unwilling to divide their fate, abandoned their office and crossed the Danube, went with all their belongings in the territory of the Roman Empire. Soon, however, there was a sharp conflict between the Romans and the Roman Visigoths. On 9 August 378, at Adrianopol Visigoths defeated Roman troops commanded by Emperor Walens, who had fallen on the battlefield. For decades, Visigoths wandered through Roman territory, plundering and looting them. In 410 C.E., they stripped Rome completely, and then settled in Gaul, only nominally recognizing the emperor's sovereignty. The political, economic, and social order developed over the centuries has collapsed like a home of cards.

Ammianus Marcellinus does not give the name of the Hun chief who was to lead the Huns erstwhile they conquered the land of Ostrogots, and it can be claimed from the above quote that – according to this Ammianus Marcellinus – they did not have a king at the time, but commanded them (chosen at once) 1 of the prominent Huns.

Meanwhile, Jordanes reports that at the time of his trial with the Ostrogots, King Balamber was at the head of the Huns, the only origin in which his name falls. So was this Balamber king, or was he just 1 of the prominent Huns, chosen as a temporary commander of the army?

And did the Huns own their own handwriting? Until recently, the answer seemed obvious, but, here a fewer years ago, it was reported that during excavations conducted in 2013-2015 under the guidance of the muslim State (ISIS) in the ancient town of Sura, close Rakka, in the north of Syria, an inscription was discovered on the passage of the ancient column, which is not only expected to indicate that Hun troops were there, but besides that the Huns had their own writing.

The photographs taken in 2013-2015 were taken by Ali Othman, an expert on late antiquity. by examining in peculiar this inscription. As a consequence of intensive research, which was included in the inscription, researchers concluded that it was written in a kind of Turkish ritual that was known from the Jenisej basin, in confederate Siberia (so that its oldest records dates from the 7th century...). As a result, scholars were asked to read the inscription.

Dr. Cengiz Saltaoğlu stated that the inscription had the surname Kurçik, 1 of the Hun commanders. "Of course, there are certain textual data in the inscription, specified as the person's name, "Apa Kurçik". We have here the name of 1 of the leaders of the Hun invasion to the region beyond the Caucasus from 395 to 396. The word ‘Apa’ corresponds to the military charge of the Western commander, Kurçika, which is besides utilized in ancient Turkish inscriptions from the Orchid River, meaning ‘high rank’. [...] This is the first always known European Hun inscription. At the same time, it is the oldest presently known paper written in Turkish," Saltaoğlu said.

"As to the content of the inscription, it is simply a inscription about the death of a high-ranking military figure named Kurçik, or Western-huń commander," explains Saltaoğlu, adding that we inactive have the inscription “Let his faithful companions sleep peacefully”.

Saltaoğlu points out that the sources of the era show information about the Hun expedition behind the Caucasus, which took place between 395 and 396 and 1 of the commanders was Kurçik, who "died in combat during the European Hun invasion and was buried there".

Unfortunately, the inscription is known only from the photograph. It is not known where the column on which it was placed is located, or even whether it survived the fighting that took place there between the ISIS and Kurd troops who yet captured the region. Unless we're dealing with a large forgery...

The second after Balamber, certified in Roman sources, was Uldin. The first mention of him appears in the context of the war between the Romans and the rebels (goth mercenaries in the Roman service) which Gainas commanded. The war took place in 400 C.E. and Uldin took part as an ally of Roman Emperor Theodosius II. Later it appears in sources respective times (most frequently its name is mentioned by Zosimos and Priskos, but besides Protector Gallica, Marcelinus Comes and others). In 405 Uldin helped Theodosius II defeat the defiling imperial provinces of the Goths, headed by a man named Radagais.

During this time, the Huns invaded and captured the Carpathian Basin, forcing the peoples inhabiting them to flee, including the Vandals—Hasdings, who in their journey reached (through Gaul and Spain) all the way to northern Africa. In this journey they were accompanied by Silesian Silings, who thus parted from Polish lands.

Wandals, as we know, inhabited Polish lands, but in the face of the expansion of Huns in the first years In the 5th century, much of them decided to abandon them.https://t.co/7IEOry82Xu

— Wojciech Kempa (@wojciech_kempa) February 10, 2023

In 408 Uldin invaded the Empire, captured Castra Martis in Mesia, then ravaged Thrace. But... he wore a wolf respective times, carried a wolf. Behold, Theodosius II gathers a large army and moves against the Huns, breaks their troops, and Uldin escapes. The Hun tribal organization began to fall apart.

This is the basic origin information on Uldin (of course in short). However, I found nowhere to conclude erstwhile he might have been born, erstwhile he ascended the throne and whether he was king or just 1 of the military commanders.

It is worth noting that the name Uldin Marcelinus Comes was recorded in the form of Huldin. Given that the Greeks usually left out the consonant "H" at the beginning of the word (that is why Ermaneryk alternatively of Hermaneryk, so the Elweons, alternatively of the Helweons, so the Eruls alternatively of the Heruls, etc.), could be presumed that it was the Latin Huldin that was closer to the name of this Hun ruler. And the name Huldin sounds like the name Humli, which occurs repeatedly in Herwararsada (it surely sounds more like Rugila and Ruas, and here there is no uncertainty that it is 1 and the same person). However, it should not be ruled out that Humli simply ruled the Huns after Balamber and before Uldin, who only appears in the sources in the context of events of the year 400.

Let us callback that Humli was to be the father of Sifka, kidnapped by Heidrek, King of the Hreidgots, besides found in the sources under the name of the Gepids, with his regulation over the Huns, according to the content HerwararsagiIt must have been a long time. He was to regulation the Huns erstwhile the first war between the Hreidgots and the Huns occurred in the first period of Heidrek's rule. He was besides to be in charge of the Huns erstwhile they marched against the Hreidgots after Heidrek died.

Heidrek was about to wage a victorious war with the Huns at the beginning of his reign. The Hreidgoans were to ravage the Hun country during its course, and the Hun king Humli, according to Herwararsaga, had to appear in awe with his army.https://t.co/wWaWB4XH56

— Magna Polonia (@magnapolonia) January 28, 2023

Another after Uldin the Hun ruler certified in the sources is Charaton, mentioned by Olympiador of Thebes, who spoke to him in the year 412 of our Common Era, with the messages of Zosimos and Priskos being concluded that after the defeat of Uldin in the war against Theodosius II the Huns were not monolith.

Let's add that Protector Gallica describes the war that Emperor Valentinian fought with the usurper Bonifatus. This war took place in 432 C.E., and the Valentinian Emperor supported the Huns, which Rugila commanded. Same Protector Gallica In 434 he notes that Rugila replaced Bleda (under 446 there is information about Attila's execution of Bleda).

This is what Rugila Priskos calls Ruas. It was Ruas who was to unite the Huns and resume conquest. He was peculiarly impressed by the east Empire. He crossed the Danube and occupied Panonia, and in exchange for the area he demanded from the Emperor an yearly tribute of 700 pounds of gold.

Ruasem besides called Rugila Jordanes, although it is hard to draw any conclusions from this fact, because, according to most researchers, the information that I am about to quote, Jordanes was to draw from the missing organization of Priskos's work. So we do not know whether the name of this Hun ruler was in fact Ruas or Rugila (or possibly otherwise). In the meantime, let us return to the work of Jardanes, which cites the account of Priskos, who went on a diplomatic mission to Attila in 448:

“By crossing the immense rivers of Tisia, Tibisia and Drikka, we reached the village, where Vidigoi’s goths fell victim to Sarmat’s ruse. From here we shortly reached the village where King Attila was staying; I emphasize, villages in the form of a vast city. Our eyes appeared wooden walls of shiny boards so tightly bonded that even erstwhile you gaze carefully you would barely see the binding. With the lumps, the rooms of the feast drew attention, along and across richly decorated shadows. The square, behind the mighty collise of the fence, indicated itself as a royal courtyard. specified a court was owned by King Attila reigning over the full barbaric world; specified a decorated habitat placed over the acquired cities."

Jordanes continues:

"Attila was Mundzuk's natural son. It is known that the brothers Mundzuk, Otkar, and Ruas exercised royal authority before Attila – nevertheless not over all the peoples over which Attila reigned. After the deaths of both Hun kingdom inherited Attila along with his brother Bleda. In order to cope with his enemies, before the expedition he has ventured to, he doubles his strength in the way of brotherhood. After the corpses of his loved ones, he makes it to the general fire.”

It seems that the conquest of Hreidgotaland by the Huns occurred erstwhile Attila reigned over the latter:

The conquest of Hreidgotaland by the Huns occurred erstwhile Attila reigned over the latter. https://t.co/ziE5c8LMld

— Magna Polonia (@magnapolonia) January 29, 2023

In the meantime, let us return to the work of Jordan, where we find an extended description of the run against the Romans and Visigoths, which took place in 451:

“So erstwhile [Attila] was slyly killed by Brother Bleda, who ruled over a large part of the Huns, he united the full nation under his direction. In addition, many of the another tribes that he had imposed on the rulers wanted to subdue both world’s leading peoples, the Romans and Visigoths. They say a full of 5 100 1000 soldiers.

He was a man who came into the planet to terrorize peoples and scare countries. Inconceivable fate, he has caused horror everywhere. He was known everywhere and presented in a way that frozen blood in his veins. What was his appearance and character? He walked proudly, throwing sharp eyes to the right and left. From his movements alone, the power and the shoe were drilled. He was fond of wars, but he was modest in reaching for his sword. He was superior to everyone on the council. The words of the pleaders were tender to those whom he erstwhile trusted, gracious. Low tallness with a wide chest, large head, tiny eyes, uncommon beard, grey hair, flat nose and sage complexion – in everything he revealed his origin.

Duffly by nature, he became established in his self-confidence by uncovering Ares' sword. The sword was always considered sacred among the kings of Scythian, and it was discovered, according to Priskos, under the following circumstances: "A shepherd sees a limping calf in his flock, but in vain inquires, which caused her wound. Concerned, he follows the traces of blood, and yet comes to the sword, to which the shepherding animal has inadvertently stepped. He digs him up and immediately brings Attila back. The King enjoys a gift, and with a typical same - conceit, he claims that he has been entrusted with the full world, and through the sword of Ares was given authority over the wars.

So Attila cooks to ignite the world's fire. Seeing what is going on, the late mentioned Geyserik, king of the Wandals, has many gifts to provoke him into war against the Visigoths. For he fears that the king of Visigoths should. Theodore, there was no harm done to his daughter. Married to Huneryk, boy of Gayzerik, the Visigothian princess had no reason to complain about her marriage. Later, however, a geyserik, who besides smitten over his loved ones, suspected that she had made poison (the husband). Based on suspicion, she is sentenced to cut her nose off and her ears are cut off. Deprived of its natural grace, he sends his father back to Gaul, so that the sight of the ugly likes of death always gives him mercy, that through the act of cruelty, which even shocked the outsiders, he most reconciles the parent.

Attila, therefore, undergoing the bribery of Gayzerik, has been giving birth to the long conceived fetus—war. But first, he sends his Members to Italy, to the court of Emperor Valentine. He sows disagreements between the Goths and the Romans in order to destruct opponents through interior feuds whose power could not shake the battlefield. He declares to the emperor that he does not in any way violate friendly relations with the common thing, but fights against Theodorid himself, king of Visigoths. For the sake of being kindly accepted by the addressee, the remainder of the letter is filled with tired formulas of flattery and greetings. He's trying to make a lie credible.

The scripture, preserved in a akin tone, directed him to the Visigoth king, Theodorid, encouraging him to depart from the covenant with the Romans and recalling the campaigns he had late organized against him. At utmost wildness, a sly man, before reaching his sword, fought with his runs and tricks.

Then Emperor Valentinian sent a message to the Visigoths and their king, Theodorid, with the following message: “Your wisdom, the bravest of the tribes, must drive you into the way of conspiracy against the tyrant of the full earthly circle, a man who desires to have a planet in universal captivity, who does not search reason for armed action, but considers all decision to be justified. With his arm, he measures the scope of his leases, the same - pride of his soul. In disregard of human and divine law, even natural order is threatened. And he deserves general hatred, who is hostile to all the team. Remember, please, what must not be forgotten is that the Huns are hoarding opponents, not in a war where failure is simply a average phenomenon, but insidiously, which always spends its sleep. too us, can't you bear their shoe so calmly without a taste of revenge? Powerful military men, pay attention to your sufferings and join in joint action. Make haste with the aid of a common thing that belongs to you. And how eagerly we should search the covenant and how unwaveringly we should observe it, ask your enemies for their opinion!”

As they resorted to the arguments in this spirit, the Valentinian MPs moved to the depths of King Theodorid, who replied in the following words: “Your longings are full, Romans. You have made Attila and our enemy. We'll go to him wherever he challenges. He boasts of triumph over various peoples, but the Ready are able to fight the proud. In my opinion, no war deserves to be called dense unless it is conducted in the name of a bad cause. No blow scares erstwhile favors imperial majesty!”

The chiefs shout to support the chief's response. The crowds are happy to share. They're all smitten to fight, and they're already looking at the Huns. King Theodorid sets out in the field with uncounted Visigoth hosts. 4 sons, Frederick, Euric, Retemer and Himnerita, leave at home, taking with them, as companions of hardships, the 2 oldest, Thorismuda and Theodorics. A happy expedition, unfailing help, a sweet community of power, erstwhile you have people at your side who even hazard their heads with joy.

From the Roman side, Paterius Ethius, the support of the western part of the thing, showed specified caution that against the chaotic throng of the enemy gathered from everywhere unrelenting armies of warriors. As reinforcements, the Franks, the Sarmats, the Armorians, the Cannoneers, the Burgundians, the Saxons, the Brzegs, the Britons, formerly Roman soldiers, were already serving in the category of reinforcements, and another strains, as Celtic as Germanic.

The gathering takes place in the Catalauniian Fields, besides called Mauriatian, having a 100 leugs, as the Gauls say, in dimension and seventy leugs in width; the Galian leuga measures a 1000 5 100 steps (Romanic). Thus, this part of the earth brings together uncounted nations. The armies collide, both of which are the patterns of valor. Nobody uses driveways. He's a regular fighter.

How could specified a human sea be moved? What hatred did all of them have? It turns out that the human race lives for kings, since from the unhealthy rush of 1 head comes the slaughter of nations and by the will of a arrogant king in a short fraction of time destroys what nature has produced into the planet over many centuries.

Before giving details of the course of the conflict itself, it is appropriate to say a fewer words about the war operations in general, due to the fact that the full run is as celebrated as the event-rich and confusing. – Well Sangiban, king of the Alans, terrified of the speculum of accidents, promises to surrender to Attila and hand over to him in power located in Gaul the Aurelian castle, then his position. Having learned of the negotiations, Theodorid and Ecius, before the arrival of Attila, spread around the castle with powerful shrouds. They're besides guarding the fishy Sangiban. They place him with the Alans in the mediate of their army, including reinforcements.

Trapped by the turn of Attila's affairs, King Huyn loses his assurance in his strength. He's afraid to start a fight. reasoning of escaping, sadder than death, he decides to research the future by luck tellers. Staring at the bowels of cattle and veins on bones, scraped from meat, luck tellers announce that Huns are in danger of calamity. A small consolation in the bad news is the announcement that the chief leader on the enemy side will fall and his death will extinguish the joy of the victorious encounter. The words of the luck tellers turn Attila on. He believes that even at the cost of his demolition he should search the death of Ecius, due to the fact that he hindered his way. As always imaginative in war cases, with heart tremor begins the conflict about 9 o'clock a day to search endurance in an upcoming night in case of failure.

As I said, the quarrelsome parties met in the Catalan Fields. The area, facing the place of wrestling, rose mildly and yet bulged in a large hill, which both troops wanted to dominate. There have been major strategical benefits in this regard. The right part of the hill was planted by the Huns with their allies, the left Romans and the Visigoths with reinforcements. They're starting a fight.

The right wing wielded Theodorid with Visigoths, the left Ethius with Romans. In the mediate they sent Sangiban, who, as I said above, led the Alans. The watchfulness of the soldier commands that an ally whose loyalty raises objections should have a crowd of faithful warriors on his sides. For you will easy push to fight the individual whom you make hard to escape.

In front of the Roman-Gothic troops developed Huns in the following order. In the mediate he slipped Attila with the bravest warriors. He was reasoning about his skin. He hoped that surrounded by his native tribe was beyond the scope of direct danger. Many nations and various tribes were set up on their wings. The army of the Ostrogots was led by 3 brothers, Valamer, Thiudimer, and Vidimer, of superior origin than the king they served. The Amal family's power has filled them with radiance.

There, too, he was at the head of the uncounted Gepid armies, the celebrated King Ardaryk, who, due to his peculiar faithfulness to Attila, took part in his deliberations. In assessing people with a typical insight, Attila liked Ardaric and Valamer, king of the Ostrogots, over another tribal chieftains. And Valamer was a discreet man, kind in conversation, from far distant able to fly a trick. Ardaryk, as I said, was celebrated for his advice. Both of them were trusted by the King of Huns, though they fought against their relatives Visigoths. And they remained, if it is lawful to say so, a multitude of kings and tribal chiefs, as the stooges waited for Attila's nod. erstwhile you blinked, they ran without murmuring, trembling with fear, and in any case diligently following orders. Sam Attila., King of all kings, above the heads of all took care of everything,"

Note that even though the Ostrogots and Gepids were fighting on the “bad side”, Jordanes tries to put them in a affirmative light. But let's go back to his account:

"So the conflict for an crucial strategical point, which I just mentioned, has warmed up. Attila recommends her to enter the top of the hill. But Theodore and Ecius are faster. erstwhile they climb to the top of the hill, they control the situation from the highlands and distract the Huns without difficulty.

When Attila sees his army in disarray, she finds it appropriate to lift them up with an improvised speech: “After victories over many peoples, after you have enslaved—if you do not give way—the earthly circle, I find it absurd to warm you, like recruits without combat mortar, with words. It's good for a fresh chief or an inexperienced army. I don't like to talk clichés like you don't want to perceive to them. What are you utilized to another than wars? A brave man delights in his claims with a sword in his hand. He blesses nature, who by its grace satisfys the hunger for vengeance. So we boldly strike the enemy. Always braver. Ignore the cluster of different-speaking tribes. Coward seeks defence in alliances. Look, before we hit them, they're already in fear. They search for advanced positions, take the hills, and in late regret the open field tries to turn into a fortress. You know how weak the Romans are. He paralyzes them, I won't say, first wound, but the dust itself, as they walk shoulder to shoulder by burning a series of shields in the form of a turtle. Beat them as always with stubbornness. If you disregard the Roman formations, go to the Alans, get to the Visigoth skin. There, let us search a swift victory, where the destiny of war is determined. erstwhile the tendons are cut, the limbs are flexed, the body is slanted, and the bone is torn out. Let comfort enter into your hearts, let conflict rage blow them as always. Now, Huns, it's time for ideas, now it's time to catch the large guns. You received a wound, put your opponent dead, you successfully avoided it, soak in the blood of your enemies. Those who are to survive, no bullet shall scratch him, whose death is written, and at home shall fall victim to destiny. In the end, why would providence lead the Huns from triumph to triumph if they were not drawn to the joy of today's meeting? Who yet exposed our ancestors through the Meock mud, tightly covered for centuries? Who made them armed before the helpless? The Hun number couldn't bear the crowd. I am not incorrect about the destiny sentence: this is the field promised by many victories. I'm the first to push a bullet into the enemy. Who will stand with his hands on, erstwhile Attila fights, he will bury himself!”

That's what they all choice up on and how 1 husband throws a fight. And while the situation is threatening, under the king's presence no warrior dares delay. The hand sticks to the hand. There is simply a fight of various characters, wild, fierce, spooky. He does not know specified scenes of antiquity, yet he tells of events so admirable that whoever did not see them could not declare that he had seen something extraordinary in his life. If you believe in those of old age, the plank that flows through the field with modest troughs raised its level, not as a consequence of the rains, but from the blood of the fallen. The amazing setting turned it into a brook. The wounded pressed to the shores to quench the burning thirst and draw water mixed with the juice. The unfortunates whose destiny was so mocked that they drank the blood they poured out of their lives under the blow of the enemy!

There, King Theodorid, erstwhile driving around the army with words of encouragement, was thrown off his horse and trampled by the feet of his soldiers, in a mature old age he lived. Others say he fell from the Andaga missile, from the Ostrogots who were then serving under the Attilian signs. This is the fulfillment of the prophecy of the divinations from the bowels given to Attila before the battle, although he thought it was referring to Ethius.

Then the Visigoth separates themselves from the Alans and, with the momentum of the Huns' hosts, they almost didn't put Attila's body down – if he didn't sneak distant in time and close up with his troops in the camp, surrounded by carts alternatively of a shaft. Behind specified a fragile fence, he seeks the rescue of a tribe that until late no brick fortified stronghold could resist.

Son of King Theodorid. Thorismud, who together with Ecius, preempting Attila, occupied the hill and striking from advanced forced his enemies to a vain retreat, now, in the belief that he reached his troops, among the darkness of the night he involuntaryly runs into enemy vehicles. Heroically, he evaporates punches, but individual stabs him in the head and knocks him off his horse. Released from the trap by the foresight of his own, he abandons his intention to fight.

Similarly, erstwhile Ecius lost his nightly contact with his troops, he erred among his enemies. By interviewing the fear that the Goths had met the bad news, he yet reaches the allied camp for the remainder of the night under shield.

At dawn the next day, seeing that the fields are flooded with piles of corpses, and the Huns dare not thin beyond the camp, they think they have won. They know that Attila does not avoid conflict unless he has suffered a severe defeat.

But even though he's down, Attila doesn't stain with pettyness. Rings with a gun, blows the trumpets, threatens a robbery. Like a lion, harassed by javelins by hunters, he flaunts himself at the entrance to the cave, and though he no longer dares to climb up, roars inactive in the area, so the king, a warrior over the warriors, even though he beset, scares his winners.

Thus, the Ready and the Romans gather for the gathering and shake the steps they take towards the defeated Attila. They conclude to deal with him through the siege, due to the fact that he did not have food supplies, and not to say a storm under hail of arrows made by archers set among the camp fences.

They say that the King of the Huns, with all the hopelessness of the situation, arrogant of the remnant, raised a pile of horse saddles and, in case they enter the camp, intended to throw himself into flames. He preferred to put an end to his days alternatively than let individual enjoy his wound or that you would get so many peoples into the hands of your enemies.

The siege continued. As time goes by, the Visigoths ask for the king, the sons of the father. The absence of Theodore, despite the happy result of the battle, surprises both. After a long search, they find the fallen where they usually find the heroes, on the battlefield covered with the most densely called corpses.”

After Thorismud's ceremony ceremonies, which was announced to be the successor of Theodorid, he led the Visigoth troops to the country. Jordanes concludes the result of the battle:

"In this loud battle, the bravest peoples of the planet fell, as they say, from both sides, 1 100 and sixty-five 1000 soldiers, but 15 1000 Gepids and Franks, who, before the general meeting, fell upon 1 another by night, died from each other's blows. The Franks fought for the Romans, the Gepids for the Huns.”

But it was not the end of the war. Let's return the level to Jordanes:

“Attila notices the departure of the Goths, but amazed by the turn of affairs, she has a instinctively windy ruse and is dragging her head out of the camp gate. He's been waiting a long time. The enemy is gone and quiet is behind. So the thought reaches for victory, strikes a joyful tone, and in the spirit is again a powerful king, believing in his star. [...]

Attila had a dream come true. The Visigoths went home, the enemy separated his forces. Already certain of the win, he shortly goes to the Romans. The first strike is surrounded by the Aquile Castle. I mean the capital of Venice, located at the cape, which in the form of a dagger or a tongue penetrates the Adriatic flood. From the east, the Natis River washes its walls, flowing from Mount Picis. The siege is dragging. The cities are protected by the choice Roman units. Having done nothing, the Hun army starts murmuring. He demands that Aquile be withdrawn. Attila walks under the walls. He's thinking. You want me to break camp or wait? Suddenly, he notices that white birds, or storks, that build nests on the tops of houses, take the young and out of the city and, contrary to their customs, spread far in the countryside. As always sharp and perceptive, he rapidly solves the mystery: “Look – he calls to his own – at the behaviour of the birds. Predicting future events, they abandon the city, doomed to destruction, they flee the fortress over which the threat of falling hangs. Don't take it as a venerable fortune, as a questionable sign! Knowing what is going on, fear of the coming storm changes habits!” Well, come on. With his words, it rekindles the hearts of the Huns. No 1 wants to leave Aquile anymore. erstwhile they build siege machines and usage all kinds of launchers, they shortly invade the city, plunder them, plunder them and ravage them so cruelly that they simply leave traces of human aggregate on the surface.

Then, more bold and inactive not saturated with the blood of the Romans, as in the chemical intoxication they go chaotic in the Venetian land without letting any city pass. In a akin way, they ravage the capital of Liguria, Milan, in the past the royal castle, turn Ticinum into a heap of rubble, and discharge their rage on the surrounding towns almost all of Italy into persinum and ruins.

Attila himself was preparing to go to Rome, but the Huns, according to the author Priskos, dissuade him of his intention in this spirit. They did so, not for the sake of the city to which they felt hostility, but for the sake of their king. They had before their eyes the example of the Visigoth king, Alarik, who, after taking Rome, did not live long, but immediately left the human body.

So erstwhile the Hun king hesitated to choose to go or not to go and shuffled over arguments for and against, a message from Rome arrived to him on a peaceful mission. It was personally led by Pope Leon. The gathering took place in Venice, in the Ambulean Field, where crowds of travelers cross the Mincius River. Attila shortly gave up his bloodthirsty practices, and promised peace, the way he came, he went back beyond the Danubius River. On all occasion, he announced and among the threats that he would make Italy worse if they did not send him Honoria's sister, Emperor Valentineian, daughter of Placidia Augusta, along with the royal treasure due. They say that Honoria herself – kept incarcerated by the will of a brother who wanted her to honor the court by keeping her vow of cleanness – sent a secretly butcher to Attila asking that the Hun king take her under the care of her brother's violence. Wicked, she sought to satisfy her femininity at the expense of the general public!

After returning to his diapers, Attila did not sit still. You would say, feel regret and regret at the same time, that erstwhile wars cease, time is idle. As always hard and harsh towards enemies, he makes MPs to the Emperor of the East, Martian, with the announcement that he will ravage Roman provinces due to the fact that they do not pay him the sums promised by the erstwhile Emperor Theodosius. A sly and cunning fox, not where he intended. He made threatening faces at one, raised his hand on the other. Before he cooled down from outrage, he turned his face against the Visigoths. But assaulting the Goths does not bear the same fruit as assaulting the Romans!

He's planning the following plan. – Following different paths, than the erstwhile time, it will extend its power over the Alans, settled on the Ligeris River, to change the face of war as the hail cloud hangs over the heads of enemies.

So he leaves the state of Dacia and Panonia, where the Huns then sat together with the various strains they imposed on the authorities, and leads the army against the Alans. But Thorismid, king of Visigoths, with equal fleetingness of head has a trick. By an intrusive march he arrived first to the Alans and was ready to fight, he ran the way of the approaching Attila. In the conflict that followed, he cured the attacker of his hope of triumph almost as effectively as previously in the Catalan Fields; he defeated the defeated from the Galian lands and pushed the escape way into the family's diapers.”

In 453, the most celebrated of the Hun rulers was murdered. The killings, as reported in songs from Eddy's series, were to be done by his wife, the daughter of King of Goths, Gudrun:

A Scary Historyhttps://t.co/qrQWiQTnxU

— Magna Polonia (@magnapolonia) January 30, 2023

After Attila's death, his sons began to wage war on their father's legacy. erstwhile Ardaryk found out about it, the first 1 rose against them. Jordanes wrote about it:

“He has achieved a successful goal. He washed distant the old disgrace of submission. By separating himself from the Huns, he freed the native tribe as much as another oppressed strains. For everyone is willing to cooperate in the action taken for the common good. They'll defend each other's destruction. The conflict takes place in Panonia, on the Nedao River. There are different tribes over which Attila held power.”

The conflict of the Nedao River ended with the defeat of the Huns, after which they never rose again...

Wojciech Kempa